Synergy of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles and <i>Vatica diospyroides</i> fruit extract in inhibiting Gram-positive bacteria by inducing membrane and intracellular disruption

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are used in biomedicine applications. Other drugs combined with the AgNPs can improve efficacy treatment of diseases, and most such studies have focused on antibiotics. We determined synergistic effects Phyllanthus emblica-derived combination Vatica diospyroides cotyledon extracts (VCE) against bacteria using agar well diffusion, broth microdilution, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Synergy VCE was confirmed fractional index (FICI). To evaluate patterns bacterial death, flow cytometry electron microscopy were used. found that effective incubation time highly variable. Increasing influenced antibacterial activity Staphylococcus aureus Bacillus subtilis. The MIC values interpreted through FICI showed synergy S. indifference B. Flow cytometric profiles fraction respond to a increased dose-dependent manner. response proceeded simultaneously as cells lost intracellular components suffered membrane damage. plant extract has become promising approach, green biocompatible cost-effective resources utilized for infectious diseases.